Disk Images

Overview

When trying to do forensics or recovery on a disk, it is often desirable to make a copy of the entire disk to a single file (a "disk image").

Making A Copy Of A Disk

Making a copy of a disk is a relatively simple process as long as you have enough free space on another disk to copy the disk image to.

• Identify the device entry for the disk (something like: /dev/sda).
• Copy the device entry to a file on a different disk.

You can use the fdisk -l command to help identify the disk device entries. For example:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x8da2c67c

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1       13055   104857600    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2           29094       30400    10485760   1b  Hidden W95 FAT32
/dev/sda3           30400       30401       16064+  ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
/dev/sda4           13056       29093   128825235    5  Extended
/dev/sda5   *       13056       13081      204800   83  Linux
/dev/sda6           13081       18180    40959999+  83  Linux
/dev/sda7           18181       18310     1044193+  83  Linux

Partition table entries are not in disk order

Disk /dev/sdb: 62 MB, 62390272 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0003bc6e

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1           5       40131    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb2               6           7       16065   83  Linux
[root@cayenne-e ~]# 

The above output indicates that there are two disks on the system /dev/sda (250GB) and /dev/sdb (62MB). The following command will copy the contents of the 62MB disk (/dev/sdb) to the file: /tmp/disk.img:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# cp /dev/sdb /tmp/disk.img
[root@cayenne-e ~]#

Now that we have a copy of the contents of the physical contents of /dev/sdb we will no longer need to directly access /dev/sdb.

How Do I List The Partitions In A Disk Image

You can print the partition table of a "disk image" (a file containing the raw contents of a disk), using the fdisk command as shown below:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# fdisk -l /tmp/disk.img
You must set cylinders.
You can do this from the extra functions menu.

Disk /tmp/disk.img: 0 MB, 0 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 0 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x0003bc6e

        Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/tmp/disk.img1               1           5       40131    b  W95 FAT32
/tmp/disk.img2               6           7       16065   83  Linux
[root@cayenne-e ~]#

You can also use the sfdisk command as shown below (the sfdisk command shows the size of each block):

[root@cayenne-e ~]# sfdisk -l /tmp/disk.img 
Disk /tmp/disk.img: cannot get geometry

Disk /tmp/disk.img: 7 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track
Units = cylinders of 8225280 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0

   Device Boot      Start     End   #cyls    #blocks   Id  System
/tmp/disk.img1          0+      4       5-     40131    b  W95 FAT32
/tmp/disk.img2          5       6       2      16065   83  Linux
/tmp/disk.img3          0       -       0          0    0  Empty
/tmp/disk.img4          0       -       0          0    0  Empty
[root@cayenne-e ~]#

How Do I Mount A Partition From A Disk Image?

Mounting a partition within a disk image is a bit trickier. In order to mount a partition from within a disk image, you must compute the offset to the start of the partition. To compute the offset, you need the following values from the output of sfdisk -l IMAGE_FILE:

• T - The sectors/track value
• B - The block size
• 512 - The constant 512
• S - The starting block of the partition

The offset to the partition is then computed as follows:

(S * B) + (T * 512)

For example, take a look at the partition table within the disk image /tmp/disk.img:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# sfdisk -l /tmp/disk.img
Disk /tmp/disk.img: cannot get geometry

Disk /tmp/disk.img: 7 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track
Units = cylinders of 8225280 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0

   Device Boot      Start     End   #cyls    #blocks   Id  System
/tmp/disk.img1          0+      4       5-     40131    b  W95 FAT32
/tmp/disk.img2          5       6       2      16065   83  Linux
/tmp/disk.img3          0       -       0          0    0  Empty
/tmp/disk.img4          0       -       0          0    0  Empty
[root@cayenne-e ~]# 

In the output above, if we wanted to mount the second partition (Linux) shown in the partition table, we would set T=63, B=1024, and S=40131 (the 40131 is the sum of the #blocks column for all of the partitions that come before the Linux partition we are trying to mount) and compute the offset as follows:

(S * B) + (T * 512) = (40131 * 1024) + (63 * 512)

So, to mount the second partition using, we would use the following command sequence:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# mkdir /mnt/img
[root@cayenne-e ~]# OFFSET=$(( (40131 * 1024) + (63 * 512) ))
[root@cayenne-e ~]# echo $OFFSET
41126400
[root@cayenne-e ~]# mount -o loop,offset=${OFFSET} /tmp/disk.img /mnt/img
[root@cayenne-e ~]# ls -l /mnt/img
total 4705
drwx------ 2 root root   12288 2010-03-01 12:29 lost+found
-rw------- 1 root root 4784530 2010-03-01 12:40 messages
[root@cayenne-e ~]# 

At this point, we can now read and write to the Linux partition on the disk image as if it were the original drive:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# echo "Hello World" >| /mnt/img/hello.txt
[root@cayenne-e ~]# cat /mnt/img/hello.txt
Hello World
[root@cayenne-e ~]# 

Finally, after we are done using the disk image, we'll use the umount command to release it:

[root@cayenne-e ~]# umount /mnt/img
[root@cayenne-e ~]#